Simeon expended the
Bulgarian Empire towards both the Adriatic and the Black sea. Its northern
frontier coincided with the Danube and its southern one passed by Servia, Ber (Veria),
Serres (Serrai) and Edirne. At the beginning of the 10th
century these points marked the limit of Bulgarian
penetration.
It is impossible for an
ascent to last forever... The army was exhausted, agriculture had deteriorated,
production was minimalized and the treasury drained. The differentiation between
the rich and powerful lords, the clerical and secular nobility and those who
were simply "the poor" was on increase. The ethnic division between the north
and the south which had existed for more than a hundred years added to problems
of the state's continued existence. In Thrace the settlement by the iconoclastic
Armenians and Syrians "proved in Paulician heresy" continued. Constantinople had
long been suffering because of their presence ever since these "triple-damned
and ungodly" Paulicians had in the 7th
century their state in the upper course of the Euphrates, a state nourished with
the Manichaesim of good and evil, of the gap between the soul and the material,
between the spirit and the body. The dualistic ideas of the newcomers,
frontiersmen from the east, soon put their roots down in the recently
christianized pagan soil.
Towards the middle of the
10th century Macedonia became the centre
of the new, Bogomil, cosmogony, a doctrine original in the eclecticism. Because
of its origin this doctrine is frequently called the neo-Manichean system,
although a "system" requires a more developed organization of dogma. The
teaching of Priest Bogomil is the most striking religious, ideological and
sociological phenomenon of the Middle Ages.
It so
happens that we learn about the Bogomil doctrine and canon from the writings of
their adversaries, the ecclesiastical writings about these heretics. The
strength of the evidence against this "heresy" depended solely on the skill and
the persuasiveness of those who judged and at the same time condemned it and
they, the guardians of the faith, were without exception skilled.
Wishing
to deal wit this "new heresy", the Bulgarian tzar Peter, according to his
correspondence with Patriarch Theophilact, summoned a council. The sources do
not speak of the meeting but only of the decisions reached: a collection of
anathemas, or comminatory formulae. These are the oldest documents on the
Bogomils. The most exhaustive and valuable records on "the shameless, who
believe Satan to be the elder son of God" are those of the Presbyter Cosmas. The
polemic treatise Sermon against the newly ensued heresy, which has designed to
be anti-Bogomil is, without cumbersome learnedness, a laudation of the
"universal faith and the earthly order of God's providence". The introduction to
the chapter entitled On Faith also includes a list of anathemas. What a paradox,
that the anathemas and fulminations anti or contra the Bogomils, should be the
most extensive knowledge pro the Bogomils, pro their teaching, canon and
doctrine. Like their ancestors from the east, the Bogomils, who interpreted the
visible as a creation of evil and repudiated all rituals, cults and churches,
revered only the pure and spiritual, the stringent and ascetic and their own
ladder to spiritual baptism. The "perfect - the aged, the guests and the elders"
were entrusted with the leadership and were followed by the common believers,
"listeners to and servants of the chosen".
The apocryphal literature
created by the Bogomils, complements the picture we have of them. In the pseudo-Bogomil
Secret Book, the story of Mary, begotten of David's seed and born of a goose,
out of whose ear Jesus was born, unites the oriental, the Orphic, the pagan -
both Antique and Slavonic -and the early Christian mythological heritage. The
syncretism of the Bogomils is based not only on an affirmative by also negative
injections. Mary is not only a genesis, a demiurge, a life-giver, a Urania, a
supreme female deity and a beginning of all existence. She is all of these
together were it not that, according to the chosen acrypha, she is like Satan
himself, a fallen angel. With such a composite image it is inevitable that she
should not be revered.
The Bogomils considered
duality to be an integral part of man himself: his body a shell possessed by
evil and his soul striving towards the inalienable Heavens. Deeply pessimistic,
the Bogomil doctrine uncompromising towards the entire earthly creation, rose
against all order and all churches. It profited from the crises and problems of
the middle ages, spreading and growing deeper roots.
The
Bogomila movement, under various names - Patarenes, Babuni, Cathari, Albigences,
the shorn ones - spread from Armenia to the south France.
In the 12th
century the Byzantine Empire still had problems with the Bogomils: the leader of
the heretics, Basil, his brethren, were burned at the stake, by order of Alexius
1st Comnenius. At the same time, the Bosnian Patarenes, with the
support of the Kulin Ban, founded an independent church; even the Pope, Innocent
3, was informed. Botil's Synodic in 1211 in the section entitled "Against the
Iconoclasts, Against John Italius Bogomil and His Kind... "testifies that the
heresy had not been uprooted in the Bulgarian Empire either. Dušan's code of
1349 contains articles in accordance with which "the sermons of the Babuni are
to be severely punished". The Bogomil movement in Russian survived the longest;
the sources indicate that are shorn ones were powerful even in the 14th
century. The Turks exterminated the seed of the heresy; still, there are
indications that "some Christians converted to Islam preached the Bogomil
learning". In those troublesome ages with the Bogomila movement the people rose
in favor of a new order, a re-birth, a re-formation.
In Macedonia the Bogomila
movement was particularly influential in the creation of favorurable
circumstances for a liberation uprising for an independent state. The sons if
the Duke-Comes Nikola, the Comitopoloi David, Moiseius (Moses), Aaron and
Samoil, didn't miss this opportunity, and Samoil
took full advantage of it and established a Macedonian state, which bore his
name.
Wishing
to deal wit this "new heresy", the Bulgarian tzar Peter, according to his
correspondence with Patriarch Theophilact, summoned a council. The sources do
not speak of the meeting but only of the decisions reached: a collection of
anathemas, or comminatory formulae. These are the oldest documents on the
Bogomils. The most exhaustive and valuable records on "the shameless, who
believe Satan to be the elder son of God" are those of the Presbyter Cosmas. The
polemic treatise Sermon against the newly ensued heresy, which has designed to
be anti-Bogomil is, without cumbersome learnedness, a laudation of the
"universal faith and the earthly order of God's providence". The introduction to
the chapter entitled On Faith also includes a list of anathemas. What a paradox,
that the anathemas and fulminations anti or contra the Bogomils, should be the
most extensive knowledge pro the Bogomils, pro their teaching, canon and
doctrine. Like their ancestors from the east, the Bogomils, who interpreted the
visible as a creation of evil and repudiated all rituals, cults and churches,
revered only the pure and spiritual, the stringent and ascetic and their own
ladder to spiritual baptism. The "perfect - the aged, the guests and the elders"
were entrusted with the leadership and were followed by the common believers,
"listeners to and servants of the chosen".
